Questions: (Electro negativity)

Plot a graph represents the electro negativity and atomic number values of:

1.group 1A

2.Fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

3.The elements with atomic numbers 11 through 17

ELECTRO NEGATIVITY

Electro negativity: is the tendency of an atom to attract electrons of the chemical bond to itself.
What happens if two atoms of equal electronegativity bond together?

Electron Affinity

Ionization energy is the energy needed to remove one or more electrons from a neutral atom to form a positively charged ion.

Ionization potential Energy

Ionization potential Energy:

It is the energy needed to remove one or more electrons from a neutral atom to form a positively charged ion.
A multi-electron atom would have many ionization energies

So by definition:

Trends in atomic radius in the Periodic Table

Trends in atomic radius in Periodic table:

Periodic Properties of the Elements (ATOMIC AND IONIC RADIUS)

Measures of atomic radius: Unlike a ball, an atom doesn't have a fixed radius.
Why? Because it is impossible to determine exactly the location of an electron around the nucleus, so atomic radius can't be measured

Principles of distributing electrons

Principles of distributing electrons:
Auf-beau principle: electrons occupy the sublevels of lower energy first then of higher one
This diagram predicts the following order of increasing energy for atomic orbitals

Aerogel materials AND (Aerogel Capture Medium)

Silica Aerogels:
With the primary mission of Stardust being to capture dust particles from Wild 2, the Aerogel capture material is one of the most important parts of the craft. Travelling at up to 12.8km/s, the particles possess huge kinetic energy. The aerogel material must strip this energy from the particles without allowing them to alter their composition by being heated or pulverized.

Quantum Numbers

Quantum Numbers: They define:

The volume of space (orbital) where there is maximum probability of finding the electrons.
The energy of each orbital
The shape of each orbital
The direction of each orbital

Modern atomic theory

Modern atomic theory:
Based on:

(Wave-Particle Dualism) the dual nature of the electron
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

The dual nature of the electron

Wave-Particle Duality/The Two-Slit Experiment/Electrons:
According to classical physics, electrons should behave like particles - the travel in straight lines and do not curve in flight unless acted on by an external agent, like a magnetic field. In this model, if we fire a beam of electrons through a double slit onto a detector, we should get two bands of "hits", much as you would get if you fired a machine gun at the side of a house with two windows - you would get two areas of bullet-marked wall inside, and the rest would be intact.

How to Detect period number, group number, block and type of any element

How to Detect period number, group number, block and type of any element only by its Atomic Number:

Groups of Periodic table

Blocks of Periodic Table

Periodic Table

Long form periodic table: Based on:

1) Energy sub levels (s, p, d and f)
2) Auf Beau principle

Bohr's planetary model

Bohr's planetary model:

He:

1. Developed Rutherford's atomic model
2. Did not consider the properties of electron in classical mechanics theory of Newton as Maxwell had done (by assumption of the continuous radiation of electron) must end up the destruction of the atomic system

Atomic spectra

To solve the puzzle of the atomic structure, we must study the atomic emission spectraWhite light is not actually white – it consists of many different colors. The composition of light – its spectrum – is studied by a device called a spectrometer

Rutherford's atom

Rutherford's atom: 
Experiment:

He beamed alpha particles through gold foil and detected them on a screen

Discovery of cathode rays

Discovery of cathode rays

Discharge tube experiments:

Structure:

1.A cylindrical glass tube about 50 cm long, closed at both ends called the discharge tube

2.The tube is fitted with two metallic electrodes, which are connected to a source of high voltage

3.It is filled with gas and the discharge tube is connected to a side tube, through which the gas can be evacuated to any desired pressure with the help of a vacuum pump

Structure of Atom

Greek philosopher:

All matter can be divided into smaller parts
Each part can be subdivided into smaller parts and further into smaller one and so on until reaching undividable fragment called ATOM which means in Greek language (no divide)